…oil Dupont2016 ; Mahe2017 , and air ( Clare2022 ) , which is known as environmental DNA ( Deiner2017 ; Ruppert2019 , eDNA, ) , or from the human body Huttenhower2012 ; Methe2012 ; Matsen2015 ; Wang2015 and other sources Hanson2016 ; Gohli2019 ; Lorimer2019 ; ElRakaiby2019 . Crucially, this enables the ecological survey of a community of organisms in their immediate environment (i. e., in situ ), and allows to directly study the genetic composition of species communities (from viruses to megafauna); a field known as metagenomics ( Thomas2012 ; Oulas2015 ; Escobar-Zepeda2015 ; Lindgreen2016 ) .
…neration Sequencing ( Logares2012 ; Mardis2013 , NGS,) , as well as later generations ( Pareek2011 ; Niedringhaus2011 ; Mignardi2014 ; Heather2016 ; Mardis2017 ) . For a sample of biological material, these technologies typically produce thousands to millions or even billions of short genetic sequences (also called “reads”) with a length of some hundred base pairs length each. Over the past decades, decreasing costs and increasing throughput of sequencing technologies have caused an exponential growth in sequencing data ( Muir2016 ) , which has now passed the peta-scale barrier ( Katz2022 ) .
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